Geotechnical engineers utilize a critical role in detecting subsurface voids, which present significant challenges to the stability and performance of structures. These hidden cavities can originate from various causes, such as geological formations, degradation, or human interventions. U

Subsurface voids pose significant risks to geotechnical design. Accurately identifying these voids is essential for ensuring the safety of structures and infrastructure. Traditional methods, such as borehole logging, can be laborious and provide limited spatial resolution. Emerging geophysical te

Geophysical exploration utilizes a crucial role in the identification and assessment of potential mineral resources. By employing various physical methods, geologists can survey beneath the Earth's surface to detect subsurface structures and signatures indicative of mineral presence. Thes